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====== Project Apex I ======

A high altitude weather balloon launched by Sutton Grammar School in 2008/09 

===== Project Aims =====

{{projects:apex-i-payload.jpg?380|}}{{projects:apex-i-laun.jpg?180|}}{{projects:apex-i-bus.jpg?400|}}

Like the majority of interesting engineering projects, the original stimulus for this project was to see whether it could be done. Specifically in this case, that was to launch high altitude helium balloon at reasonable cost, with the primary aim of recovering the payload after the flight. As such, relatively expensive equipment could be used again for another flight.
Specifications
When the project first began, we had a number of things we wished it to achieve:
  * The payload to be largely reusable
  * To take lots of high altitude pictures at a reasonable resolution
  * To be easy to operate, to aid a repeated launch by the younger years at the school
  * To record environmental variables such as temperature and pressure at altitude

===== Communication =====

Obviously, the most important part of the payload would be the communication to ground. We considered several options, but after discovering that mobile phone use would be illegal (as it is would be in range of too many antennas) and 2.4 GHz wireless networking would not provide sufficient range without expensive and delicate equipment, we came to the conclusion that packet radio on one of the amateur bands was the best option. 
We initially made the mistake of trying amateur radio, but discovered after a few months that OFCOM prohibits the use of these transmitters in unmanned airborne systems. The alternative seemed to be PMR446, which allows 0.5W maximum transmission power. 

===== The Payload =====

After several weeks of research followed by several months of design and manufacture, the payload electronics were completed. They comprise a Linux flight computer attached to radio equipment for two way communication between the balloon and the base stations. A GPS device and a microcontroller were also onboard, the latter taking data from pressure and temperature sensors and returning it to the flight computer. The majority of the electronics was run from a 5V switch mode regulator, running from lithium thionyl chloride batteries. These were chosen for their tolerance to low temperatures and their high power to weight ratio. The imaging device was a servo-mounted Canon camera, controlled by the microcontroller.

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//The Linux flight computer | The regulator system and the serial line driver glue logic | The payload electronic systems in their case//

Radio beacons are transmitted by the payload once per minute, using APRS format for compatibility with existing packet and tracking programs. The beacons contain the current position, speed, heading and altitude, as well as data from the environmental sensors and a timestamp. All of the electronic systems were designed, from the beginning, to be simple to operate. In this vein, the electronics simply require power, and they are entirely self-testing and self-calibrating. The system beacons and flashes an LED when the start-up sequences are complete.

Of course, some degree of control over the payload is advisable. As such, we installed a “cutdown” device to allow us to sever the cord between the balloon and the parachute at any time, thereby making the balloon come back down to Earth. This was essentially a piece of nichrome wire coiled around the nylon flight string. Other noteworthy hardware systems include two 1W LEDs that activated during landing to ease payload recovery in the dark, and methods to reboot pieces of hardware, should they fail during flight.

===== Balloon, Parachute & Helium =====

The balloon and parachute came from an American company named Kaymont. The KCI-1200 balloon seems the most popular for similar projects, and the parachute was one recommended to be by a company representative. Helium was provided under staff discount from Air Products in the UK. The cylinder was the X47S type, with filling equipment from ABC Inflatables.

===== Base Stations =====

After careful consideration and extensive experimentation, the sound card packet program called AGWPE was chosen for AX.25 packet operation on the base station laptops. This would reduce cost considerably by using the laptops’ sound cards to imitate the operation of a TNC (Terminal Node Controller – a piece of equipment vital for packet operation). Due to the fact that we could not 
guarantee an internet connection “in the field”, the mapping system was required to have all data stored locally. The program APRSPoint, which runs on top of Microsoft’s Mappoint, would do this perfectly. When connected to AGWPE, it provided a simple, effective and relatively cheap base station tracking solution. 

We knew from the beginning that we would be taking two vehicles to the launch site, so two tracking stations were set up. This allowed us some degree of flexibility in terms of deciding which routes to take when tracking the balloon.

===== Funding =====
 
Virgin Galactic has very helpfully offered us a large proportion of the project budget in terms of sponsorship, for which we are of course very grateful. 

===== The Launch =====

The Launch
Final antenna tuning for the balloon-side eggbeater and final testing of the cutdown device was completed by Friday afternoon. The treble boost filters for the ground side stations were lacquered to prevent damage and to increase ruggedness. 

After spending the majority of Friday getting things ready and loading electronics, antennas, and everything else into the minibus and car, we set off for Stratford-upon-Avon at just after 4 o’clock. The journey was uneventful and after arriving, unpacking and eating, the minibus team were given a quick tutorial on the setup of the electronics and the use of APRSPoint for tracking the balloon in the air.

An early start on Saturday morning saw us at the launch site at the Queen Elizabeth Humanities College in Bromyard by 9:00. Antennas were quickly attached to the top of the car and the minibus, and the helium cylinder was unloaded from the back of the minibus. We flipped the screen on the camera over to turn it off, and inserted the SD card, before powering up the eletronics using the Lithium Thionyl Chloride batteries. The system booted first time, and started beaconing and taking pictures as soon as the GPS got a lock on satellites.
The helium and filling equipment were taken onto the field, along with the balloon and parachute. Whilst this was happening, the 433 Mhz set on the payload was powered up and the back of the payload box was sealed shut with glue gun. Filling the balloon started at 10:45 and half an hour later we had tied the balloon up. The car was driven onto the field so we could watch the tracking system and ensure it was seeing the beacons without having to keep running back and forth across the field.
The antenna had been attached to the bottom of the payload box, and the payload cords had been tied to the parachute shroud lines and laid out on the ground to prevent them becoming tangled. After tying the balloon to the top of the parachute, we realised that the balloon would not have enough free lift to carry the payload. As such, everything was disassembled and more helium was added to the balloon to increase the weight it could lift. When finished, the parachute was once again tied to the balloon. The camera mount dislodged somewhere in this process, but this took a couple of minutes to fix.

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//Filling the KCI-1200 Balloon | The tracking car with antenna on top//

It was 11:45 by the time everything was ready to launch again. The payload had been running throughout the process so we could verify everything was working, which it was. Each beacon had come in precisely on time and without fail. Once everything was in the launch position, we waited for three beacons to come in whilst the final flight checks were carried out on the payload and flight string. 

The balloon was released at 11:55 and it ascended very quickly over the rooftops of the college. Our first altitude reading was at 12:13 read 9300ft. We immediately noticed that the GPS was not consistently telling us the altitude – only one in every five to ten beacons contained an altitude reading. The reasons for this were unknown. 

The balloon headed north, so we jumped in the vehicles and set off after it. By 11:20 it had already passed 12,00ft and was still heading north. It had a good head start, but we followed it North up the A49 towards Shrewsbury. It hit 24,000ft at around 11:45, and then passed over Shrewsbury at 30,000ft at around 13:00, before staying relatively still until 14:00, but still climbing. At 14:08 we received the highest confirmed altitude at 72,549 ft just North of Shawbury. From here, the balloon began to head east very slowly.

The tracking system in the minibus had been playing up since we left the launch site, and the car station was the only one reliably picking up packets from the balloon. After trying several different things, including a hardware TNC, a change of antenna eventually fixed the problem. The SWR of the minibus eggbeater had jumped to >3. After switching to the helicoidal, the system picked up packets much better. 

Since it had been staying nearly still for more than an hour, we had stopped in a Tesco car park to sit and watch. At 14:17 the final beacon came in before the GPS lost lock on satellites. We expected this to happen, as this particular model is altitude limited. However, we did not expect the balloon to travel very far as wind is almost non-existent at more than 70,000ft.
As it happened, the balloon was travelling very fast towards the East. But since the GPS had no lock and we were certainly not expecting this, we did not know this. When the GPS eventually found a lock on satellites again at 14:55, it was more than 140km east, near Grantham. We picked up six beacons from there, which is rather impressive given the distance involved. From the pressure readings, it was evident that the balloon had burst and that the payload had begun its descent to Earth.

We considered the possibility of the GPS being wrong, and therefore staying where we were until the balloon came down a bit further.  However the fact that we had had six beacons, all around the same place, and that the signal was significantly weaker than earlier, convinced us that the GPS was correct and that the payload really was miles away. The very last we heard from the payload was a reading at 15:03 as it headed North again towards Sleaford. From its pressure reading, we estimate this was from an altitude of around 34,000ft. 

We jumped back in the vehicles and sped towards Grantham as fast as possible, but even though we had tracking equipment running in both vehicles during the entire journey, we did not receive any more radio beacons from the payload. By the time we reached Grantham, the airwaves were still completely silent. We drove around a bit in the car whilst the minibus caught us up, around Newton and Haceby, but we still could not hear anything. Either we were just too far away from the payload, as we didn’t have an accurate enough idea of where it was, or the payload was damaged on impact and stopped transmitting. In this case, it could have been on the other side of a hedge and we would still not have noticed it.

By this point it was getting late, and at around 17:30 we decided we had to give up the search, as a three hour drive back to Surrey was required to get home. We eventually got home after 22:00. 
At the time of writing, we have still not found or recovered the payload. It has contact telephone numbers and the promise of a reward on its side, so hopefully someone will come across it and return it sooner or later, although hopefully sooner. 

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===== Team =====

== Leaders ==

  * Jon Sowman
  * Ben Oxley
  * Matthew Brejza

== Members ==

  * Richard Morris
  * Andrew Cowan
  * Edmund Mottershead
  * Michael Georgiou
  * Sam Gardner

== Staff ==

  * J. Costello
  * R. Turner
  * P. Davis

===== Other Links =====
[[http://balloon.hexoc.com|Apex I Website]]

[[http://www.hexoc.com/wb/pages/balloon-project/project-log.php|Project Log]]

[[http://www.hexoc.com/balloon/gallery|Project Photo Gallery]]