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--- guides:linkingarduinotontx2 [2016/03/09 09:00] – Amended link to NTX2B purchase upu
+++ guides:linkingarduinotontx2 [2016/10/21 21:57] (current) – upu
@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 ==== Introduction ====
-Getting your Arduino to transmit via the radio initially may seem daunting but its actually pretty simple. Please freely substitute the word "Arduino" for any micro-controller you wish to use. The example below works for 5V and 3.3V micro-controllers.
+Getting your Arduino to transmit via the radio initially may seem daunting but its actually pretty simple. Please freely substitute the word "Arduino" for any microcontroller you wish to use. The example below works for 5V and 3.3V microcontrollers.
 Please read this :
-**This may be the first bit of code you've come across with regards to creating a tracker. There is always the temptation to cut and paste it and away you go. And in isolation this may work. However should you then cut and paste further code without understanding what is going you will end up with an unworkable mess and something that is next to impossible for us to assist you with. Pretty please take the time to work out what the code below is doing, redo it yourself, break it, fix it and most importantly __understand__ it. **
+**This may be the first bit of code you've come across with regards to creating a tracker. There is always the tempation to cut and paste it and away you go. And in isolation this may work. However should you then cut and paste further code without understanding what is going you will end up with an unworkable mess and something that is next to impossible for us to assist you with. Pretty please take the time to work out what the code below is doing, redo it yourself, break it, fix it most importantly __understand__ it. **
-In this short tutorial I’ll give a step by step instructions on connecting a [[http://www.radiometrix.com/ntx2b|Radiometrix NTX2B]] to an Arduino and getting it to shift its transmission between two frequencies slightly giving two tones. In the second part I’ll demonstrate how to control this and use the circuit to transmit data at 50 or 300 baud using [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioteletype|RTTY]]. Finally we will demonstrate using the circuit to generate DominoEX.
+In this short tutorial I’ll give a step by step instructions on connecting a [[https://store.uputronics.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=61&product_id=60|Radiometrix NTX2B]] to an Arduino and getting it to shift its transmission between two frequencies slightly giving two tones. In the second part I’ll demonstrate how to control this and use the circuit to transmit data at 50 or 300 baud using [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioteletype|RTTY]].
-The theory is as follows: you adjust the voltage on the NTX2B's TXD pin which adjusts its transmission frequency slightly. The difference in this frequency is called the shift. By doing this in a controlled fashion you can transmit 1's and 0's and therefore data. There are a number of methods to adjusting the voltage, connecting the TXD to a [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation|PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)]]on the Arduino, using a DAC or using a voltage divider.
+The theory is as follows: you adjust the voltage on the NTX2B's TXD pin which adjusts its transmission frequency slightly. The difference in this frequency is called the shift. By doing this in a controlled fashion you can transmit 1's and 0's and therefore data. There are a number of methods to adjusting the voltage, connecting the TXD to a PWM on the Arduino, using a DAC or the most simple method discussed here using a voltage divider.
 The NTX2B is a FM (Frequency Modulation) module intended to have a voltage applied to the TXD pin of between 0 and 3 volts. This voltage range changes the output frequency of the module by up to 6KHz. This means for each 1Hz change in frequency you need to change the voltage by 0.0005v (3 divided 6000) so to get a shift of 500hz you need to toggle the voltage applied to the TXD pin by 500x0.0005=0.25v.
-To get this voltage shift we are going to use PWM . See this article for more information on PWM : [http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/PWM|Arduino PWM Tutorial]]. The resolution of this is 8 bits which means the Arduino can change the voltage by 256 (2^8) steps. This means the maximum voltage of 5V can be broken into 5/256 steps or  0.0195v per step. The maximum input of the NTX2B is 3V therefore there is no point applying voltages of greater than 3V. As a decimal this means 3/5* 256 = 153.
+Getting the shift totally accurate isn't entirely essential but it should be kept in the 300-600Hz region.
-In theory the standard shift of 425Hz equates to a 0.2125/0.0195 = 11, however in reality on an NTX2B a value of 10 gave a perfect 425Hz shift. Don’t get too hung up on getting the exact shift, any shift from 350-500Hz is fine.
 ==== Items Required ====
  Radiometrix NTX2B \\
  Arduino or similar microcontroller\\
+x 47k resistor (Somewhere from 40k to 50k exact value isn't critical)\\
+ (For 3.3v somewhere round 32k)\\
+x 4.7K resistor \\
+ Radio/SDR capable of receiving SSB at 434Mhz band. \\
+ PC with DL-FLDIGI installed. \\
 ==== Circuit Diagram ====
-{{:guides:ntx2b.jpg?600|}}
+Firstly we build the following circuit (click it for larger) on the bread board :
+{{:guides:ntx2_1_47k.png?300|}}
-Connect Arduino 5V to the NTX2B VCC pin 5
+The two 4k7 resistors, R4 and R5, sets the bias (centre) point of the two levels to be half the supply voltage. The GPIO pin then deviates the voltage from the centre point by an amount controlled by R3.
-Connect Arduino 5V to the NTX2B EN pin 4
-Connect Arduino GND to the NTX2B GND pin 6
-Connect Arduino pin 9 to the NTX2B TXD pin 7
-Once done it should look like this (you don’t need an antenna in at this point) :
+{{:guides:ntx2_eqn.gif|}}
-{{:guides:ntx2b-2.jpg?600|}}
+[[http://ukhas.org.uk/_detail/guides:ntx2_divider.jpg|(Detailed explanation)]]
+==== Build It ====
-==== The Code ====
+/ Add the power and resistors as your board allows :
-The code is similar to the Fade example built into Arduino (File->Examples->03.Analogue->Fade)
+{{:guides:linkingntx2-1.jpg?300|}}
+/ Insert the NTX2. You can safely transmit with no antenna installed, no damage will occur to the module.
+{{:guides:linkingntx2-2.jpg?300|}}
+/ From the Arduino connect 5V & GND and connect the pin marked RXD on the diagram to pin 13 on the Arduino.
+{{:guides:linkingntx2-3.jpg?300|}}
+/ Plug in the Arduino and load up the following code :
 <code c>
-/*
- Demo Code to Drive NTX2B via PWM
+/*  NTX2 Radio Test Part 1
- Written by Anthony Stirk M0UPU
+    Toggles the NTX2 high and low to generate a tone pattern to ascertain
+    if the radio and associated circuitry is working.
- This example code is in the public domain.
- */
+    Created 2012 by M0UPU as part of a UKHAS Guide on linking NTX2 Modules to Arduino.
-#define RADIOPIN 9
+    http://ukhas.org.uk
+*/
-void setup() {
-    pinMode(RADIOPIN, OUTPUT);
+#define RADIOPIN 13
-    setPwmFrequency(RADIOPIN, 1);
-}
+void setup()
+{
-void loop() {
+pinMode(RADIOPIN,OUTPUT);
-    analogWrite(RADIOPIN,100);
-    delay(500);
-    analogWrite(RADIOPIN,110);
-    delay(500);
 }
-void setPwmFrequency(int pin, int divisor) {
-    byte mode;
-    if(pin == 5 || pin == 6 || pin == 9 || pin == 10) {
-        switch(divisor) {
-            case 1:
-                mode = 0x01;
-                break;
-            case 8:
-                mode = 0x02;
-                break;
-            case 64:
-                mode = 0x03;
-                break;
-            case 256:
-                mode = 0x04;
-                break;
-            case 1024:
-                mode = 0x05;
-                break;
-            default:
-                return;
-        }
-        if(pin == 5 || pin == 6) {
+void loop()
-            TCCR0B = TCCR0B & 0b11111000 | mode;
+{
-        }
+digitalWrite(RADIOPIN, HIGH);
-        else {
+delay(100);
-            TCCR1B = TCCR1B & 0b11111000 | mode;
+digitalWrite(RADIOPIN, LOW);
-        }
+delay(100);
-    }
-    else if(pin == 3 || pin == 11) {
-        switch(divisor) {
-            case 1:
-                mode = 0x01;
-                break;
-            case 8:
-                mode = 0x02;
-                break;
-            case 32:
-                mode = 0x03;
-                break;
-            case 64:
-                mode = 0x04;
-                break;
-            case 128:
-                mode = 0x05;
-                break;
-            case 256:
-                mode = 0x06;
-                break;
-            case 1024:
-                mode = 0x7;
-                break;
-            default:
-                return;
-        }
-        TCCR2B = TCCR2B & 0b11111000 | mode;
-    }
 }
 </code>
-Excluding the setPwmFrequency procedure (all this does is set the PWM speed as quick as it will go to made the voltage presented to the NTX2B PWM pin as more “analogue”) this code simply opens pin 9. It then alternates the voltage on this pin by 10 every 1/2 second. You can plug an LED into pin 9 to see what its doing.
+If you have used Arduino before this code will look familiar. This is because it is just the example code for Blinking the LED. In fact this will be currently blinking the LED in time to the radio changing frequency. All that is happening here is pin 13 is going from 0v (low) to 5v(high). This is reduced by the voltage divider on the NTX2's TXD pin (Note the NTX2 has an input resistor of 100k so this acts like another voltage divider in conjunction with the 47k/32k resistor).
-Load this code up to the Arduino.
+/ Tune in your radio to the frequency listed on your NTX2 module (either 434.075Mhz or 434.650Mhz) ensuring you have the mode set to USB. You should hear an alternating sequence of beeps. You may need to tune up or down a little, if you can't find it  go back and check your circuit. Its most likely you'll find the transmission slighly below the frequency listed on the module.
-Ok now take your radio in USB mode and tune it into the frequency of the NTX2B module. You should hear the high and low tones. If you’re using an RTL + SDR# set the frequency to something above the frequency of the module, i.e in this example our NTX2B is transmitting on 434.200Mhz so I’ve set SDR# to 434.500Mhz. You can see a peak on the left of the spectrum analyzer at the top around 434.200Mhz :
+{{:guides:ft817.jpg?400|}}
-{{:guides:ntx2b-4.jpg?600|}}
+/ Now open up dl-fldigi and adjust the frequency and volume until you get a nice pair of lines on the water fall :
-If you’re unsure if this is the radio, turn it off. It will disappear. Zoom in the line using the zoom on the right. You may want to increase the resolution in the FFT Display at this point, with a resolution of 262144 you should see some distinct high and low tones separated by about 425hz :
+{{:frontpage:guides:ava--ntxhowto10.jpg|}}
-{{:guides:ntx2b-5.jpg?600|}}
+Note the distance between your lines is the shift and in this case is 425Hz, you can adjust this by playing with the value of the R3 resistor.
+Congratulations you’re transmitting using the most basic Arduino example code there is.
-Congratulations you’re transmitting. If you’re ever unsure if your radio is working you should step back to this extremely simple code to check the basic operation.
+===== Part 2 - Making RTTY and transmitting data =====
-===== Part 2 - RTTY =====
+==== Introduction ====
-==== Introduction =====
+In part 1 of this article I discussed linking the NTX2 to the Arduino and getting a high and low tone out of it. In this article we go one step further and turn this into a transmission of data.
-Once you have the high and low code working we can now take this one step further and turn this into the transmission of data.
+Using the circuit discussed in the previous article upload the following code will transmit a short sentence at 50 baud, 7 bits ASCII 2 stop bits.
+Also the code adds a [[communication:protocol|CRC checksum]] at the end of the data string.
-Using the circuit discussed in the previous article upload the following code will transmit a short sentence at 50 baud, 7 bits ASCII 2 stop bits. Also the code adds a CRC checksum at the end of the data string.
+The DATASTRING is passed to a procedure called rtty_txtstring which takes care of transmitting the data by breaking it down into characters, then it transmits the individual bits of those characters. The key to getting the baud rate correct is the timing. Theoretically 50 baud should be 1/50th of a second = 20000μ seconds. Now for some reason the Arduino (at least the one I have) doesn’t seem to be able to accurately count this time interval so the delay is achieved by doing one delay of 10000μS and one of 10150μS.
-The data string variable is passed to a procedure called rtty_txtstring which takes care of transmitting the data by breaking it down into characters, then it transmits the individual bits of those characters. The key to getting the baud rate correct is the timing. Theoretically 50 baud should be 1/50th of a second = 20000µS however the Arduino delayMicroseconds command can only do a maximum delay of 16383µS. To get round this we do two delays of 10000µS.
+baud after some playing seemed to be stable around 3370μS delay ( 300 baud should be 1/300s = 3333μS). You can uncomment the relevant lines out as needed.
-baud after some playing seemed to be stable around 3370µS delay ( 300 baud should be 1/300s = 3333µS). You can uncomment the relevant lines out as needed.
+==== Demo Code To Transmit RTTY ====
-==== The Code =====
 <code c>
-/*
+/*  NTX2 Radio Test Part 2
-Demo Code to Drive NTX2B via PWM
-Written by Anthony Stirk M0UPU
-RTTY code from Rob Harrison Icarus Project.
-http://ukhas.org.uk
-This example code is in the public domain.
+    Transmits data via RTTY with a checksum.
-*/
+    Created 2012 by M0UPU as part of a UKHAS Guide on linking NTX2 Modules to Arduino.
+    RTTY code from Rob Harrison Icarus Project.
+    http://ukhas.org.uk
+*/
-#define RADIOPIN 9
+#define RADIOPIN 13
 #include <string.h>
@@ Line 173: / Line 130: @@
 char datastring[80];
 void setup() {
-    pinMode(RADIOPIN,OUTPUT);
+  pinMode(RADIOPIN,OUTPUT);
-    setPwmFrequency(RADIOPIN, 1);
 }
 void loop() {
-    snprintf(datastring,80,"RTTY TEST BEACON RTTY TEST BEACON"); // Puts the text in the datastring
-    unsigned int CHECKSUM = gps_CRC16_checksum(datastring); // Calculates the checksum for this datastring
-    char checksum_str[6];
-    sprintf(checksum_str, "*%04X\n", CHECKSUM);
-    strcat(datastring,checksum_str);
-    rtty_txstring (datastring);
-}
-void rtty_txstring (char * string) {
-    /* Simple function to sent a char at a time to
+  sprintf(datastring,"RTTY TEST BEACON RTTY TEST BEACON"); // Puts the text in the datastring
-    ** rtty_txbyte function.
+  unsigned int CHECKSUM = gps_CRC16_checksum(datastring);  // Calculates the checksum for this datastring
-    ** NB Each char is one byte (8 Bits)
+  char checksum_str[6];
-    */
+  sprintf(checksum_str, "*%04X\n", CHECKSUM);
+  strcat(datastring,checksum_str);
-    char c;
-    c = *string++;
-    while ( c != '\0') {
+  rtty_txstring (datastring);
-        rtty_txbyte (c);
+  delay(2000);
-        c = *string++;
-    }
 }
-void rtty_txbyte (char c) {
-    /* Simple function to sent each bit of a char to
-    ** rtty_txbit function.
-    ** NB The bits are sent Least Significant Bit first
-    **
-    ** All chars should be preceded with a 0 and
-    ** proceed with a 1. 0 = Start bit; 1 = Stop bit
-    **
-    */
-    int i;
-    rtty_txbit (0); // Start bit
+void rtty_txstring (char * string)
+{
-    // Send bits for for char LSB first
+  /* Simple function to sent a char at a time to
+   	** rtty_txbyte function.
+   	** NB Each char is one byte (8 Bits)
+   	*/
-    for (i=0;i<7;i++) { // Change this here 7 or 8 for ASCII-7 / ASCII-8
+  char c;
-        if (c & 1) rtty_txbit(1);
-        else rtty_txbit(0);
-        c = c >> 1;
+  c = *string++;
-    }
-    rtty_txbit (1); // Stop bit
-    rtty_txbit (1); // Stop bit
-}
-void rtty_txbit (int bit) {
+  while ( c != '\0')
-    if (bit) {
+  {
-        // high
+    rtty_txbyte (c);
-        analogWrite(RADIOPIN,110);
+    c = *string++;
-    }
+  }
-    else {
-        // low
-        analogWrite(RADIOPIN,100);
-    }
-    // delayMicroseconds(3370); // 300 baud
-    delayMicroseconds(10000); // For 50 Baud uncomment this and the line below.
-    delayMicroseconds(10150); // You can't do 20150 it just doesn't work as the
-    // largest value that will produce an accurate delay is 16383
-    // See : http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/DelayMicroseconds
 }
-uint16_t gps_CRC16_checksum (char *string) {
-    size_t i;
-    uint16_t crc;
-    uint8_t c;
-    crc = 0xFFFF;
+void rtty_txbyte (char c)
+{
+  /* Simple function to sent each bit of a char to
+   	** rtty_txbit function.
+   	** NB The bits are sent Least Significant Bit first
+   	**
+   	** All chars should be preceded with a 0 and
+   	** proceded with a 1. 0 = Start bit; 1 = Stop bit
+   	**
+   	*/
-    // Calculate checksum ignoring the first two $s
+  int i;
-    for (i = 2; i < strlen(string); i++) {
-        c = string[i];
-        crc = _crc_xmodem_update (crc, c);
-    }
-    return crc;
+  rtty_txbit (0); // Start bit
-}
-void setPwmFrequency(int pin, int divisor) {
+  // Send bits for for char LSB first
-    byte mode;
-    if(pin == 5 || pin == 6 || pin == 9 || pin == 10) {
-        switch(divisor) {
-            case 1:
-                mode = 0x01;
-                break;
-            case 8:
-                mode = 0x02;
-                break;
-            case 64:
-                mode = 0x03;
-                break;
-            case 256:
-                mode = 0x04;
-                break;
-            case 1024:
-                mode = 0x05;
-                break;
-            default:
-                return;
-        }
-        if(pin == 5 || pin == 6) {
+  for (i=0;i<7;i++) // Change this here 7 or 8 for ASCII-7 / ASCII-8
-            TCCR0B = TCCR0B & 0b11111000 | mode;
+  {
-        }
+    if (c & 1) rtty_txbit(1);
-        else {
-            TCCR1B = TCCR1B & 0b11111000 | mode;
-        }
-    }
-    else if(pin == 3 || pin == 11) {
-        switch(divisor) {
-            case 1:
-                mode = 0x01;
-                break;
-            case 8:
-                mode = 0x02;
-                break;
-            case 32:
-                mode = 0x03;
-                break;
-            case 64:
-                mode = 0x04;
-                break;
-            case 128:
-                mode = 0x05;
-                break;
-            case 256:
-                mode = 0x06;
-                break;
-            case 1024:
-                mode = 0x7;
-                break;
-            default:
-                return;
-        }
-        TCCR2B = TCCR2B & 0b11111000 | mode;
-    }
-}
-</code>
-Load this up and you should hear the distinctive warble of RTTY coming out of your radio. Route this audio into DL-FLDIGI and you should see the bars in the center of the waterfall like this :
+    else rtty_txbit(0);
-{{:guides:ntx2b-6.jpg?600|}}
+    c = c >> 1;
-In DL-FLDIGI click Op Mode -> RTTY ->Custom.
+  }
-Set carrier shift to 425, baud to 50, 7 bits per character, no parity and 2 stop bits. If everything is ok you should see DL-FLDIGI decoding the RTTY.
-===== Part 3 - DominoEX =====
+  rtty_txbit (1); // Stop bit
+  rtty_txbit (1); // Stop bit
+}
-==== Introduction =====
+void rtty_txbit (int bit)
+{
+  if (bit)
+  {
+    // high
+    digitalWrite(RADIOPIN, HIGH);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    // low
+    digitalWrite(RADIOPIN, LOW);
-RTTY as discussed in Part 2 of this article uses two tones a high and a low tone to convey the data. Whilst simple its performance can degrade as the signal gets weaker and with no error correction you may get packets with errors in them. To mitigate a little against this there is a more robust mode called DominoEX.
+  }
-Note : This example should work with the original NTX2 but you may get significant drift as the temperature changes which will change the tone spacing and mean this doesn't work . The NTX2B with its TCXO is more suitable.
+  //                  delayMicroseconds(3370); // 300 baud
+  delayMicroseconds(10000); // For 50 Baud uncomment this and the line below.
+  delayMicroseconds(10150); // You can't do 20150 it just doesn't work as the
+                            // largest value that will produce an accurate delay is 16383
+                            // See : http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/DelayMicroseconds
-DominoEX is an MFSK (Multiple frequency-shift keying) mode that uses 18 tones to transmit data, although there is no error correction built in the performance of DominoEX is such that its rarely needed. If you can hear the signal generally you can decode it. For a more in depth description please visit this page : [[http://www.qsl.net/zl1bpu/MFSK/DEX.htm|http://www.qsl.net/zl1bpu/MFSK/DEX.htm]]
-The key to DominoEX working is the distance between the tones has to be very precise. For DominoEX16 the tone spacing has to be 15.625Hz. As you saw before our 8 bit Arduino doesn't have the resolution to do this natively however we can increase the resolution of the Arduino by inserting a resistor between the Arduino pin 9 and the NTX2B TXD pin. The TXD pin has an internal 100k resistor so you’re making a voltage divider.
-Using this method a 175k resistor means each PWM step gives the voltage needed to step the frequency up by the required amount. You may need to play with this to get the correct value. Here I'm using a [[https://www.tindie.com/products/gerrysweeney/seven-decade-programmable-resistor-1r-9999999r-1-500mw-gerrysweeneycom/|Seven Decade Programmable resistor]] to test the values :
-{{:guides:ntx2b-7.jpg?300|}}
-==== The Code =====
-<code c>
-/*
-    Demo Code to Drive NTX2B via PWM
-    DominoEX
-    Written by Anthony Stirk M0UPU
-    This example code is in the public domain.
-*/
-#define RADIOPIN 9
-unsigned char varicode[][3] = {
-    /* Primary alphabet */
-    { 1,15, 9}, { 1,15,10}, { 1,15,11}, { 1,15,12}, { 1,15,13}, { 1,15,14}, { 1,15,15}, { 2, 8, 8},
-    { 2,12, 0}, { 2, 8, 9}, { 2, 8,10}, { 2, 8,11}, { 2, 8,12}, { 2,13, 0}, { 2, 8,13}, { 2, 8,14},
-    { 2, 8,15}, { 2, 9, 8}, { 2, 9, 9}, { 2, 9,10}, { 2, 9,11}, { 2, 9,12}, { 2, 9,13}, { 2, 9,14},
-    { 2, 9,15}, { 2,10, 8}, { 2,10, 9}, { 2,10,10}, { 2,10,11}, { 2,10,12}, { 2,10,13}, { 2,10,14},
-    { 0, 0, 0}, { 7,11, 0}, { 0, 8,14}, { 0,10,11}, { 0, 9,10}, { 0, 9, 9}, { 0, 8,15}, { 7,10, 0},
-    { 0, 8,12}, { 0, 8,11}, { 0, 9,13}, { 0, 8, 8}, { 2,11, 0}, { 7,14, 0}, { 7,13, 0}, { 0, 8, 9},
-    { 3,15, 0}, { 4,10, 0}, { 4,15, 0}, { 5, 9, 0}, { 6, 8, 0}, { 5,12, 0}, { 5,14, 0}, { 6,12, 0},
-    { 6,11, 0}, { 6,14, 0}, { 0, 8,10}, { 0, 8,13}, { 0,10, 8}, { 7,15, 0}, { 0, 9,15}, { 7,12, 0},
-    { 0, 9, 8}, { 3, 9, 0}, { 4,14, 0}, { 3,12, 0}, { 3,14, 0}, { 3, 8, 0}, { 4,12, 0}, { 5, 8, 0},
-    { 5,10, 0}, { 3,10, 0}, { 7, 8, 0}, { 6,10, 0}, { 4,11, 0}, { 4, 8, 0}, { 4,13, 0}, { 3,11, 0},
-    { 4, 9, 0}, { 6,15, 0}, { 3,13, 0}, { 2,15, 0}, { 2,14, 0}, { 5,11, 0}, { 6,13, 0}, { 5,13, 0},
-    { 5,15, 0}, { 6, 9, 0}, { 7, 9, 0}, { 0,10,14}, { 0,10, 9}, { 0,10,15}, { 0,10,10}, { 0, 9,12},
-    { 0, 9,11}, { 4, 0, 0}, { 1,11, 0}, { 0,12, 0}, { 0,11, 0}, { 1, 0, 0}, { 0,15, 0}, { 1, 9, 0},
-    { 0,10, 0}, { 5, 0, 0}, { 2,10, 0}, { 1,14, 0}, { 0, 9, 0}, { 0,14, 0}, { 6, 0, 0}, { 3, 0, 0},
-    { 1, 8, 0}, { 2, 8, 0}, { 7, 0, 0}, { 0, 8, 0}, { 2, 0, 0}, { 0,13, 0}, { 1,13, 0}, { 1,12, 0},
-    { 1,15, 0}, { 1,10, 0}, { 2, 9, 0}, { 0,10,12}, { 0, 9,14}, { 0,10,12}, { 0,11, 8}, { 2,10,15},
-    { 2,11, 8}, { 2,11, 9}, { 2,11,10}, { 2,11,11}, { 2,11,12}, { 2,11,13}, { 2,11,14}, { 2,11,15},
-    { 2,12, 8}, { 2,12, 9}, { 2,12,10}, { 2,12,11}, { 2,12,12}, { 2,12,13}, { 2,12,14}, { 2,12,15},
-    { 2,13, 8}, { 2,13, 9}, { 2,13,10}, { 2,13,11}, { 2,13,12}, { 2,13,13}, { 2,13,14}, { 2,13,15},
-    { 2,14, 8}, { 2,14, 9}, { 2,14,10}, { 2,14,11}, { 2,14,12}, { 2,14,13}, { 2,14,14}, { 2,14,15},
-    { 0,11, 9}, { 0,11,10}, { 0,11,11}, { 0,11,12}, { 0,11,13}, { 0,11,14}, { 0,11,15}, { 0,12, 8},
-    { 0,12, 9}, { 0,12,10}, { 0,12,11}, { 0,12,12}, { 0,12,13}, { 0,12,14}, { 0,12,15}, { 0,13, 8},
-    { 0,13, 9}, { 0,13,10}, { 0,13,11}, { 0,13,12}, { 0,13,13}, { 0,13,14}, { 0,13,15}, { 0,14, 8},
-    { 0,14, 9}, { 0,14,10}, { 0,14,11}, { 0,14,12}, { 0,14,13}, { 0,14,14}, { 0,14,15}, { 0,15, 8},
-    { 0,15, 9}, { 0,15,10}, { 0,15,11}, { 0,15,12}, { 0,15,13}, { 0,15,14}, { 0,15,15}, { 1, 8, 8},
-    { 1, 8, 9}, { 1, 8,10}, { 1, 8,11}, { 1, 8,12}, { 1, 8,13}, { 1, 8,14}, { 1, 8,15}, { 1, 9, 8},
-    { 1, 9, 9}, { 1, 9,10}, { 1, 9,11}, { 1, 9,12}, { 1, 9,13}, { 1, 9,14}, { 1, 9,15}, { 1,10, 8},
-    { 1,10, 9}, { 1,10,10}, { 1,10,11}, { 1,10,12}, { 1,10,13}, { 1,10,14}, { 1,10,15}, { 1,11, 8},
-    { 1,11, 9}, { 1,11,10}, { 1,11,11}, { 1,11,12}, { 1,11,13}, { 1,11,14}, { 1,11,15}, { 1,12, 8},
-    { 1,12, 9}, { 1,12,10}, { 1,12,11}, { 1,12,12}, { 1,12,13}, { 1,12,14}, { 1,12,15}, { 1,13, 8},
-    { 1,13, 9}, { 1,13,10}, { 1,13,11}, { 1,13,12}, { 1,13,13}, { 1,13,14}, { 1,13,15}, { 1,14, 8},
-    { 1,14, 9}, { 1,14,10}, { 1,14,11}, { 1,14,12}, { 1,14,13}, { 1,14,14}, { 1,14,15}, { 1,15, 8},
-/* Secondary alphabet */
-    { 6,15, 9}, { 6,15,10}, { 6,15,11}, { 6,15,12}, { 6,15,13}, { 6,15,14}, { 6,15,15}, { 7, 8, 8},
-    { 4,10,12}, { 7, 8, 9}, { 7, 8,10}, { 7, 8,11}, { 7, 8,12}, { 4,10,13}, { 7, 8,13}, { 7, 8,14},
-    { 7, 8,15}, { 7, 9, 8}, { 7, 9, 9}, { 7, 9,10}, { 7, 9,11}, { 7, 9,12}, { 7, 9,13}, { 7, 9,14},
-    { 7, 9,15}, { 7,10, 8}, { 7,10, 9}, { 7,10,10}, { 7,10,11}, { 7,10,12}, { 7,10,13}, { 7,10,14},
-    { 3, 8, 8}, { 4,15,11}, { 5, 8,14}, { 5,10,11}, { 5, 9,10}, { 5, 9, 9}, { 5, 8,15}, { 4,15,10},
-    { 5, 8,12}, { 5, 8,11}, { 5, 9,13}, { 5, 8, 8}, { 4,10,11}, { 4,15,14}, { 4,15,13}, { 5, 8, 9},
-    { 4,11,15}, { 4,12,10}, { 4,12,15}, { 4,13, 9}, { 4,14, 8}, { 4,13,12}, { 4,13,14}, { 4,14,12},
-    { 4,14,11}, { 4,14,14}, { 5, 8,10}, { 5, 8,13}, { 5,10, 8}, { 4,15,15}, { 5, 9,15}, { 4,15,12},
-    { 5, 9, 8}, { 4,11, 9}, { 4,12,14}, { 4,11,12}, { 4,11,14}, { 4,11, 8}, { 4,12,12}, { 4,13, 8},
-    { 4,13,10}, { 4,11,10}, { 4,15, 8}, { 4,14,10}, { 4,12,11}, { 4,12, 8}, { 4,12,13}, { 4,11,11},
-    { 4,12, 9}, { 4,14,15}, { 4,11,13}, { 4,10,15}, { 4,10,14}, { 4,13,11}, { 4,14,13}, { 4,13,13},
-    { 4,13,15}, { 4,14, 9}, { 4,15, 9}, { 5,10,14}, { 5,10, 9}, { 5,10,15}, { 5,10,10}, { 5, 9,12},
-    { 5, 9,11}, { 3, 8,12}, { 4, 9,11}, { 4, 8,12}, { 4, 8,11}, { 3, 8, 9}, { 4, 8,15}, { 4, 9, 9},
-    { 4, 8,10}, { 3, 8,13}, { 4,10,10}, { 4, 9,14}, { 4, 8, 9}, { 4, 8,14}, { 3, 8,14}, { 3, 8,11},
-    { 4, 9, 8}, { 4,10, 8}, { 3, 8,15}, { 4, 8, 8}, { 3, 8,10}, { 4, 8,13}, { 4, 9,13}, { 4, 9,12},
-    { 4, 9,15}, { 4, 9,10}, { 4,10, 9}, { 5,10,12}, { 5, 9,14}, { 5,10,12}, { 5,11, 8}, { 7,10,15},
-    { 7,11, 8}, { 7,11, 9}, { 7,11,10}, { 7,11,11}, { 7,11,12}, { 7,11,13}, { 7,11,14}, { 7,11,15},
-    { 7,12, 8}, { 7,12, 9}, { 7,12,10}, { 7,12,11}, { 7,12,12}, { 7,12,13}, { 7,12,14}, { 7,12,15},
-    { 7,13, 8}, { 7,13, 9}, { 7,13,10}, { 7,13,11}, { 7,13,12}, { 7,13,13}, { 7,13,14}, { 7,13,15},
-    { 7,14, 8}, { 7,14, 9}, { 7,14,10}, { 7,14,11}, { 7,14,12}, { 7,14,13}, { 7,14,14}, { 7,14,15},
-    { 5,11, 9}, { 5,11,10}, { 5,11,11}, { 5,11,12}, { 5,11,13}, { 5,11,14}, { 5,11,15}, { 5,12, 8},
-    { 5,12, 9}, { 5,12,10}, { 5,12,11}, { 5,12,12}, { 5,12,13}, { 5,12,14}, { 5,12,15}, { 5,13, 8},
-    { 5,13, 9}, { 5,13,10}, { 5,13,11}, { 5,13,12}, { 5,13,13}, { 5,13,14}, { 5,13,15}, { 5,14, 8},
-    { 5,14, 9}, { 5,14,10}, { 5,14,11}, { 5,14,12}, { 5,14,13}, { 5,14,14}, { 5,14,15}, { 5,15, 8},
-    { 5,15, 9}, { 5,15,10}, { 5,15,11}, { 5,15,12}, { 5,15,13}, { 5,15,14}, { 5,15,15}, { 6, 8, 8},
-    { 6, 8, 9}, { 6, 8,10}, { 6, 8,11}, { 6, 8,12}, { 6, 8,13}, { 6, 8,14}, { 6, 8,15}, { 6, 9, 8},
-    { 6, 9, 9}, { 6, 9,10}, { 6, 9,11}, { 6, 9,12}, { 6, 9,13}, { 6, 9,14}, { 6, 9,15}, { 6,10, 8},
-    { 6,10, 9}, { 6,10,10}, { 6,10,11}, { 6,10,12}, { 6,10,13}, { 6,10,14}, { 6,10,15}, { 6,11, 8},
-    { 6,11, 9}, { 6,11,10}, { 6,11,11}, { 6,11,12}, { 6,11,13}, { 6,11,14}, { 6,11,15}, { 6,12, 8},
-    { 6,12, 9}, { 6,12,10}, { 6,12,11}, { 6,12,12}, { 6,12,13}, { 6,12,14}, { 6,12,15}, { 6,13, 8},
-    { 6,13, 9}, { 6,13,10}, { 6,13,11}, { 6,13,12}, { 6,13,13}, { 6,13,14}, { 6,13,15}, { 6,14, 8},
-    { 6,14, 9}, { 6,14,10}, { 6,14,11}, { 6,14,12}, { 6,14,13}, { 6,14,14}, { 6,14,15}, { 6,15, 8},
-};
-uint8_t _sym = 0;
-void setup() {
-    pinMode(RADIOPIN, OUTPUT);
-    setPwmFrequency(RADIOPIN, 1);
 }
-// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
+uint16_t gps_CRC16_checksum (char *string)
-void loop() {
+{
-    dominoex_string("M0UPU DOMINOEX TEST\n");
+  size_t i;
-}
+  uint16_t crc;
+  uint8_t c;
-void dominoex_txsym(uint8_t sym) {
+  crc = 0xFFFF;
-    _sym = (_sym + 2 + sym) % 18;
-    analogWrite(RADIOPIN, _sym);
-    delay(64);
-}
-void dominoex_txchar(uint16_t vcode) {
+  // Calculate checksum ignoring the first two $s
-    uint8_t i, c;
+  for (i = 2; i < strlen(string); i++)
+  {
+    c = string[i];
+    crc = _crc_xmodem_update (crc, c);
+  }
-    for(i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+  return crc;
-        c = varicode[vcode][i];
+}
-        if(i && !(c & 0x8)) break;
+</code>
-        dominoex_txsym(c);
-    }
-}
-void dominoex_string(char *s) {
+Upload the code and again open up [[http://ukhas.org.uk/projects:dl-fldigi|DL-FLDIGI]] you should hear a wonderful sound of RTTY warbling away. Make sure DL-FLDIGI is set correctly by clicking Op Mode -> RTTY -> Custom.
-    for(; *s; s++) dominoex_txchar(*s);
-}
-void setPwmFrequency(int pin, int divisor) {
+Set the carrier shift to 425, baud to 50, 7 bits per character, no parity and 2 stop bits.
-    byte mode;
-    if(pin == 5 || pin == 6 || pin == 9 || pin == 10) {
-        switch(divisor) {
-            case 1:
-                mode = 0x01;
-                break;
-            case 8:
-                mode = 0x02;
-                break;
-            case 64:
-                mode = 0x03;
-                break;
-            case 256:
-                mode = 0x04;
-                break;
-            case 1024:
-                mode = 0x05;
-                break;
-            default:
-                return;
-        }
-        if(pin == 5 || pin == 6) {
+If everything is working ok you should get the data printing out :
-            TCCR0B = TCCR0B & 0b11111000 | mode;
-        }
-        else {
-            TCCR1B = TCCR1B & 0b11111000 | mode;
-        }
-    }
-    else if(pin == 3 || pin == 11) {
-        switch(divisor) {
-            case 1:
-                mode = 0x01;
-                break;
-            case 8:
-                mode = 0x02;
-                break;
-            case 32:
-                mode = 0x03;
-                break;
-            case 64:
-                mode = 0x04;
-                break;
-            case 128:
-                mode = 0x05;
-                break;
-            case 256:
-                mode = 0x06;
-                break;
-            case 1024:
-                mode = 0x7;
-                break;
-            default:
-                return;
-        }
-        TCCR2B = TCCR2B & 0b11111000 | mode;
-    }
-}
-</code>
-Viewed in DL-FLDIGI (Click Op Mode -> DominoEX -> DominoEX16)
+{{:guides:ava--rtty50baud.jpg|}}
-{{:guides:ntx2b-8.jpg?300|}}
+===== Where to buy the NTX2 =====
-You can adjust the code to do DominoEX22 by amending the delay line from 64 ( 1/Baud rate so for DominoEX16 = 0.064s, DominoEX22 = 1/21.533 = 0.0464) to 46 and adjusting the resistor to ~ 100k.
+  *[[https://store.uputronics.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=61&product_id=60|Uputronics stock the NTX2B]]
-===== Where to Buy the NTX2B ======
-  *[[https://store.uputronics.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=61&product_id=60|Uputronics sell a frequency agile version of the NTX2B]]
-  *[[http://radiometrixstore.com/ntx2b.html|Radiometrix Online Store]] - Only available in 434.075 and 434.650
 ===== Acknowledgements =====
-Thanks to Rob Harrison for the original RTTY Code
+Thanks to Rob Harrison for the RTTY code and to Dave Akerman for suggesting a more sensible one pin circuit to drive the NTX2B.
-Article authored by Anthony Stirk M0UPU
+Article authored by Anthony Stirk.
-Additional contributions by Keval, lz1dev, Costyn, Jcoxon, Daveake and fsphil.
+Additional amendments by Keval, lz1dev, Costyn, Jcoxon.
-===== Additional Links =====
-[[http://ava.upuaut.net/?p=408|Interrupt Driven RTTY Example]]
 Should you have any questions with this please come chat to us on [[ukhas:irc_channel|IRC]].
-===== Amendments =====
-For the Leonardo :
-Instead line:
-TCCR1B = TCCR1B & 0b11111000 | mode;
-should be written:
-OCR0A = OCR0A & 0b11111000 | mode;
-Instead line:
-TCCR2B = TCCR2B & 0b11111000 | mode;
-should be written:
-TCCR0A = TCCR0A & 0b11111000 | mode;
-Thanks to Vitaly Mechinsky for the update.